CD-ROM 1982

1877

Edison's phonograph is the first sound recording machine.

1935

German firm age make the first tape recorder to play magnetized plastic tape.

1960

Invention of the laser, used to scan compact disks.

1982

First music compact disks go on sale.

1990

Publishers issue books as CD-Roms.

1998

First PCs with DVD disk drives. DVD's hold 30 times as much information as CD-Roms.

Conjunctivitis

Do you know about conjunctivitis and symptoms.

Conjunctivitis is an illness that affects the inside of the eyelid. It can also affect the thin covering of the eye. It is infectious. This means it is passed from one person to another.

You use your eyes to see. Light enters each eye through the pupil in the centre of the eye. The eye is covered by a thin skin called a membrane. The membrane stops dirt and germ getting into the eye. So do our eyelids and eyelashes.

Conjunctivitis is usually caused by bacteria or viruses. These germs are so tiny you can only see them through a microscope. You catch conjunctivitis when the bacteria or virus touches your eyes. If a friend has conjunctivitis they might rub some of the germs on to their towel. If you then use the same towel, you may rub the germs into your own eye. Some germs in the swimming pool water may also get into your eyes.

Strong chemicals can also cause conjunctivitis. The chemicals burn the delicate covering of the eye. People who use strong chemicals should wear goggles to protect their eyes.

Symptoms

The first symptom of conjunctivitis is often an itchy or burning feeling in the eye. Tears help wash dirt and germs out of the eye. When you have conjunctivitis your eye may become a lot more watery than usual. It can also become very red. As your body fights the conjunctivitis germs, it makes a sticky, yellow pus. When you are asleep the pus may make your eyelids stick together.

How to handle this problem?

Use cotton wool dabbed in clean, salty water to wipe away the pus. Very bad conjunctivitis is called pink eye because the whit part of your eye becomes red. If you have conjunctivitis you should have it checked by a doctor. If the illness is caused by a virus, you will have to wait for it to get better on its own.

If it is caused by bacteria, like this, the doctor will prescribe an antibiotic ointment. Antibiotics can kill bacteria, but not viruses. The doctor will tell you how often to apply ointment. An adult will have to squeeze some ointment into your eye for you. The ointment will start to work after a few days. You must go on using if for as long as the doctor tells you, or your eye may get sore again.

If you have conjunctivitis or another eye infection, try not to pass it on. Don’t use towels that other people might use. Try to avoid catching conjunctivitis. Don’t rub your eyes with dirty hands and make sure you keep your hair out of your eyes. Eat good food with lots of fresh fruit and raw vegetables. Wash your face and hands before you go to bed and sleep well.

Antibiotics

An antibiotic is a normal metabolic product of actinomycetes and other microorganisms and it kills or inhibits the growth of other microbial species. For example, streptomycin’s block protein synthesis in their targets. Penicillins disrupt formation of covalent bonds that hold bacterial cell walls together. Penicillin derivatives cause the wall to weaken until it ruptures. The known antibiotics don’t’s have comparable effects on protein coats of viruses. If you have a viral infection, antibiotics won’t help.

Antibiotics must be carefully prescribed. Besides performing their intended function of counterattacking pathogens, some can disrupt the normal populations of bacteria in the intestines and of yeast cells in the vaginal canal. Such disruptions can lead to secondary infections.

Overprescribed antibiotics have lost their punch. Over time, they destroyed the most susceptible cells of target populations and favored their replacement by more resistant ones. Antibiotic-resistant strains have made tuberculosis, typhoid, gonorrhea, staph infections, and other bacterial diseases more difficult to treat. In a few cases, superbugs that cause tuberculosis cannot be treated successfully.

How to Prevent Headache?

Headache, many peoples cannot tolerate it is come any time, different type of headaches, we can see some headache types.

Tension type headache, Cluster headache, Migraine, Facial headache and chronic daily headaches and ice cream headache.

Tension type headache called muscle construction headache, this headache type is mild to moderate only. Sensory sensitivity to noise or light is more likely to be associated with migraine. The patient’s often describe the pain as a feeling of tightness or squeezing.

Cluster headache

This type headache is very rare, it is affect 1 in 1000 men and 1 in 6000 women. Commonly it will come night time, symptoms are eyes are red and waters, nose is blocked.

Migraine

This is severe headache type, it will affect depending upon daily life suffers and stresses. Commonly 17% women and 6% men affected. This migraine symptoms are nausea and vomiting, photophobia light and noise, aggravated by routine activities.

Facial headache

Acute sinusitis, Trigeminal neuralgia, post herpetic neuralgia, and Temporomandibular joint.

Chronic daily headache

It will come monthly twice, in can affect in the children and in the very old.

Ice cream headache

Commonly the patient is young age and the patient’s describe a short piercing pain. Sometimes, the patient has multiple attacks per day on a daily basis.

Hearing

Many arthropods and nearly all vertebrates have acoustical organs and so can hear sounds. For example, humans and other land-dwelling mammals have a pair of distinctive ears. Small organs, flush with the body surface, serve comparable functions in insects and amphibians. Such organs are located on the front legs of crickets and near the hind legs of grasshoppers.

Hearing starts with acoustical receptors, which are vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors. A vibration is a wavelike form of mechanical energy. For example, clapping produces waves of compressed air. Each time hands clap together, molecules are forced outward, so a low-pressure state is created in the region they vacated. The pressure variations can be depicted as a wave form, and the amplitude of its peaks corresponds to loudness. They frequency of a sound is the number of wave cycles per second. Each cycle extends fro the start of one wave peak to the start of the next. The more cycles per second, the higher the frequency, and the higher the perceived pitch of the sound.

When sound waves arrive at an acoustical organ, they encounter a membrane and make it vibrate. In invertebrates, vibrations directly stimulate mechanoreceptors attached to the membrane. In vertebrates, the membrane vibrations cause a fluid inside the ear to be displaced. The fluid movement causes mechanoreceptors to bend. With enough deformation, action potentials are produced. They travel along an auditory nerve leading from the receptors to the brain.

The introduction to this chapter described the sense of hearing that is associated with echolocation. Although we cannot hear them, the extremely high frequency waves (ultrasound waves) produced by an echolocating bat are not weak. They have been measured at 100 decibels which is in the same range as thunder or a freight train racing past.

Bear in mind, bats are not the only echolocating animals. Dolphins and whales also emit ultrasounds, which travel through their marine environments. By perceiving frequency variations in the echoes, all of these mammals also can pinpoint the distance and direction of movement of one another and of predators or pray.

Cloaning

In 1996 scientists in Scotland cloned a sheep, which they named Dolly. They did this by taking a body cell from an adult sheep and using its DNA to make an exact copy f that sheep. In the future cloning could allow scientists to produce tailor-made body organs for transplant patients, or create whole herds of cows or sheep that produce useful drugs in their milk. The technique could also be used to enable infertile couples to have a child who would be a clone of one of them.

1953 – Francis Crick and James Watson discover the structure of DNA

1973 – Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer carry out first Genetic Engineering with bacteria

1986 – Human Genome project set up to list sequence of entire human genome

1990 – First trials for ‘Gene Therapy’

1996 – Dolly, a cloned sheep, created by Roslin Institute Scotland

2000 – First draft of human genome published.

D4 syndrome

D4 syndrome is commonly known as middle back pain. The patients affected by this syndrome have pain between neck and the lumbar region (Lower back). Initially the pain occurs in the central position of the back, then gradually spreads to the lateral portion (side) of the chest. In some cases the pain may even be felt in the centre of chest causing breathing difficulty.

Reason: While driving we tend to berid a little forward coupled with this when the vehicle jolts in a pit it forces out body to bend downwards causing the posterior back ligament to stretch and lose its elasticity. The inter vertebral disc can also slip posteriorly (back wards) and it compresses the spinal cord causing pain. Whenever normal positioning of the bone is disturbed out body tends to deposit osteophytes (bone forming cells). This deposition of osteophytes compresses the nerves which branch from the spinal cord causing radiating pains in the chest. If this osteophytes compress the respiratory nerves, the patient will get some breathing problem. Problem similar to above can also be caused by wrong posture.

Bending forward creates angulation in the 4th thoracic vertebra (middle back) resulting pain in scapula region. Thus it is called D4 syndrome.

Treatment: In combined therapy, homoeopathic medicines, machines like shortwave diathermy ultrasound and special manipulation techniques are used. In physiotherapy ultrasound and shortwave diathermy are the effective treatment to remove the osteophytes. The vibration from the ultrasound and the electromagetic waves from the shortwave diathermy remove the osteophytes.

In addition, by effective manipulation we can rearrange the vertebrae to normal alignment. To maintain the normal positioning of the vertebrae the patient should do muscle strengthening exercises regularly. In these cases, traction treatment is not effective. Homeopathic medicines like Kali carb, pulsatilla, Cal Carb. Rhus tox can reduce the pain and inflammation immediately. They prevent the recurrence also.

Tissue and Organ Formation

The tissues just described form organs and organ systems that are much the same in all vertebrates. To get a general sense of how this happens, start with a sperm and egg. Recall that these develop from germ cells, which are immature reproductive cells. (All other cells in the body are “somatic”, after the Greek word for body.) After a zygote forms at fertilization, mitotic cell divisions produce an early animal embryo. In vertebrates, the cells soon become arranged as three primary tissues-ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These are embryonic forerunners of all tissues in the adult. Ectoderm gives rise to the skin’s outer layer and to tissues of the nervous system. Mesoderm gives rise to the tissues of muscle, bone, and most of the circulatory, reproductive, and urinary systems. Endoderm gives rise to the gut’s lining and organs derived from it.

You might think we are stretching things a bit when we say that each one of those systems contributes to the survival of all living cells in the body. After all, what could the body’s bones and muscles have to do with the life of a tiny cell? Yet interactions between the skeletal and muscular systems allow us to move about toward sources of nutrients and water, for example. Parts of those systems assist blood circulation, as when contractions of leg muscles help move blood in veins back to the heart. The bloodstream transports nutrients and other substances to individual cells, and transports secreted products and wastes away from them.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Movement of internal body parts movement of whole body maintenance of posture heat production.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Protection from injury, dehydration, and some microorganisms; control of body temperature; excretion of some wastes; reception of external stimuli.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Detention of external and internal stimuli control and coordination of responses to stimuli integration of activities of all organ systems.

URINARY SYSTEM
Maintenance of the volume and composition of extracellular fluid. Excretion of blood-borne wastes.

SKELETAL SYSTEM
Support, protection of body parts sites for muscle attachment, body cell production, and calcium and phosphate storage.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Rapid internal transport of many materials to and from cells helps stabilize internal temperature and pH.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male: Production and transfer of sperm to the female. Female: Production of eggs provision of a protected, nutritive environment for developing embryo and fetus. Both systems have hormonal influences on other organ systems.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Delivery of oxygen to cells removal of carbon dioxide wastes produced by cells pH regulation.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Ingestion of food, water preparation of food molecules for absorption elimination of food residues from the body.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Return of some tissue fluid to blood roles in immunity (defense against specific invaders of the body).

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMHormonal control of body functioning works with nervous system in integrative tasks.

Bacteria And Viruses

The unseen multitudes

Did a friend even mention that you are nearly 1/1000 of mile tall? Probably not. What would be the point of measuring people in units as big as miles? Yet we think this way, in reverse, when we measure microorganisms. These are mostly single-celled organisms too small to be seen without a microscope.

Of all organisms, bacteria generally are the smallest. To be sure, viruses are smaller. We measure them in nanometers (billionths of a meter). But viruses are not living things. We consider them here because they infect just about every kind of organism in the great spectrum of life.
1. Bacteria are microscopically small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms. They do not have a profusion of internal, membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm, as eukaryotic cells do. Yet bacteria show great metabolic diversity, and many make complex behavioral responses to the environment.
2. Today there are two great bacterial lineages, the archaebacteria and dubacteria. Archaebacteria live in such inhospitable, anaerobic habitats that they may resemble the first living cells on earth. Most bacterial species are eubacteria, which inhabit nearly all existing environments.

3. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, a cell division mechanism that immediately follows DBA replication and that divides the parent cell into two genetically equivalent daughter cells.
4. Nearly all viral multiplication cycles include five steps: attachment to a suitable host cell, penetration, viral DNA or RNA replication and protein synthesis, assembly of new viral particles, and release from the infected cell.

Do you know about thyroid functioning and parathyroid functioning

Thyroid functioning

The human thyroid gland is at the base of the neck in front of the trachea, or windpipe. It is main hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, have widespread effects on most cells. They are critical for normal development of many tissues, and they control overall metabolic rates in humans and other warm-blooded animals. Their importance is brought into sharp focus by cases of abnormal thyroid secretion.

The synthesis of thyroid hormones requires iodine, which is obtained from the diet. In the absence of iodine, blood levels of these hormones decrease. The anterior pituitary responds to this by secreting a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Because the thyroid hormones cannot be synthesized, the feedback signal continues and so does TSH secretion. Excess TSH overstimulates the thyroid gland and causes it to enlarge. The enlargement is a form of goiter. Goiter caused by iodine deficiency is no longer common in countries where people use iodized salt.

Hypothyroidism results from insufficient concentrations of thyroid hormones. Hypothyroid adults often are overweight, sluggish, dry-skinned, intolerant of cold, and sometimes confused and depressed. Affected women often have menstrual disturbances. Hyperthyroidism results from excess concentrations of thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroid adults show an increased heart, rate, elevated blood pressure, weight loss despite normal caloric intake, intolerance of heat, and profuse sweating. Typically they are nervous, agitated, and have trouble sleeping.

Parathyroid functioning

Some endocrine glands do not respond directly to other hormones or nerves. They respond homeostatically to chemical change in the immediate surroundings. The parathyroid glands are like this. Four such glands are positioned next to the back of the human thyroid. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) when the concentration of calcium ions in their surroundings decreases. Their action affects how much calcium is available for enzyme activation, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and many other tasks.

PTH stimulates bone cells to release calcium and phosphate ions, and stimulates the kidneys to conserve them. PTH also helps activate vitamin D. The activated form, a hormone, enhances calcium absorption from ingested food. In vitamin D deficiency, too little calcium and phosphorus is absorbed, so bones develop improperly. This ailment is called rickets.

Hormonal responses to the external environment influence growth, development, and reproduction in predictable ways. The pineal gland, a photosensitive organ in the brain, provides a good example of this. In the absence of light, the pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin. Thus bood levels of melatonin vary from day to night, and they vary with the changing seasons. The variations influence the development of primary reproductive cycles and reproductive behavior in a variety of species.

Consider the hamster. In winter, when nights are longest, melatonin levels are high and sexual activity is suppressed. In summer, when days are longer, melatonin levels are low-and hamster sex peaks. Or consider a male white-throated sparrow. Melatonin suppresses growth of the bird’s gonads until spring, when days start to lengthen. Then, stepped-up gonadal activity leads to the production of hormones that influence singing behavior. With his distinctive song, the sparrow defines his territory and may hold the interest of a mate.
Does melatonin also influence human behavior? Perhaps, it seems possible that decreased melatonin secretion triggers puberty, the age at which human reproductive organs and structures start to mature. In cases where disease has destroyed the pineal gland, puberty begins prematurely, the focus essay mentions some other interesting possibilities.

Do You need Alcohol?

You can make alcohol from almost anything edible. Through a process called fermentation, sugars are converted into ethanol alcohol. This chemical is readily absorbed into the bloodstream and has a powerful effect on the body and mind. Stronger alcohol, called sprits, and often called hard liquor, are made through distillation in which alcohol is heated to concentrate the ethanol. Eifferent societies use different ingredients and processes to make alcohol. In southern Europe, grapes are traditinally fermented to make wine-a process first introduced by the Romans.

Nothern European countries are famous for their beers brewed from grain and hops. Grapes are also the main ingredient of another famous French spirit called brandy. Other spirits include gin, vodka, and whisky.

How to affect the body?

Although it comes in different forms and strengths, alcohol has basically the same effects when you drink it. At first these may be pleasant. You may feel rather warm, light-headed, and relaxed.

However, the more you drink, the worse you will feel. As more alcohol enters your bloodstream, you will find it increasingly difficult to perform physical tasks. You will lose your coordination and sense of balance, knocking things over and feeling unsteady on your feet. Your speech will become slurred and difficult for other people to understand.

If you drink a lot very quickly, alcohol can kill. It can affect the brain so badly that the heart or breathing stops. Drinking too much can make people feel very sick the next day, and it can take days for their bodies to recover.

Liver?

The liver is the organ in your body that breaks down and eliminates poisons like alcohol. It has been likened to a car with one gear that just goes at one speed-the liver can burn up only one unit of alcohol an hour. Liver cells that have too much alcohol to process die and are replaced by fatty tissue.

Drinkig heavily over a number of years puts great strain on the liver, which can become so scarred that it no longer works properly. This is known as cirrhosis. Heavy drinking also contributes to other conditions like heart disease, hepatitis, and stomach problems such as bleeding and ulcers. It can cause men to become sexualy impotent and by interfering with th ebalance of hormones in the body alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer in women. Mothers who drink heavily when pregnant can severely damage their unborn children.

People who drink heavily for a long time can become addicted to alcohol. those who develop an emotional or physical dependency on drink are known as alcoholics. Alcoholism usually takes years to develop. Early signs include constantly needing to have liquor available and being unusually resistant to its effects. In the later stages, however, people gradually lost control over their drinking. Alcoholics often suffer from unpleasant conditins like shaking, various body pains, and redness in the face. They can experience severe withdrawal effects if they suddenly stop. Unlike coming off other drugs, sudden alcohol withdrawal can actually kill.

Treatment programs for alcohol addiction can be very effective. Some people go to drying out clinics for help, others join groups like Alcoholics Anonymous for support in giving up alcohol. Alcoholics Anonymous has over two million members throughout the world.

Wine cooler - This is fruity drink with alcohol added (alcohol content is 4%-8% only)

Beer - This is Fermented mixture of grains and water (alcohol 3%-10% only)

Wine - This is Fermented grape juice (alcohol content 8%-14% only)

Liqueurs - This is sweetened and flavored spirits (alcohol content 20%-40%)

Spirits _ This is alcoholic drink concentrated by distillation (alcohol 38%-45%)

Is Smoking must for your life?

Cigarette?

Cigarettes are made mainly from tobacco, the dried leaf of the plant Nicotiana tabacum. The main components of cigarettes include nicotine, a powerful drug that quickly leads to addiction. Carbon monoxide, the same gas that comes out of car exhausts, is the principal gas in cigarette smoke. Other chemicals include many that have links with cancer in humans, such as arsenic, benzene, cadmium, and formaldehyde.

What happens when you smoke?

When you take a puff on a cigarette, many things happen. in just a few seconds, nicotine is delivered to the brain. This stimulates the body's central nervous system, increasing the heart rate and blood pressure.

What happens Pregnant Woman smoking?

Pregnant women who smoke are putting the baby's health at serious risk. The baby is m oe likely to be born prematurely, or to die in the uterus (womb) or shortly after birth. Babies born to smokers are often smaller. They get less oxygen in the womb, which makes their hearts beat faster and slows their growth.

Bad Symptoms when you smoking?

Lung cancer

Emphysema (An often fatal lung disease, which destroys the walls of the air sacs).

Stroke (Blood loss to the brain. Often fatal or severely disabling).
Lowered fertility
Heart Attack
Tobacco amblyopia
Cancer of the cervix (in women)
Peripheral vascular disease (disease of the arteries in the leg)
Gangrene (Death and decay of part of the body due to loss of blood supply when fatty deposits, caused by smoking, clog up the arteries.
Chronic bronchitis (Inflammation of the bronchial tubes leading into the lungs,resulting in coughing, wheezing, and fever.
Mouth and throat cancer
Aortic aneurysm (A swelling of the main artery in the body, with the risk of rupture and fatal blood loss).
Peptic ulcers (Raw and painful areas in the intestines.

Free of cost smoking! (passive smoking)

For most people, breathing in other people's cigarette smoke causes minor symptoms like watering eyes, itching nose and throat, and dizziness. But for some the effects are more serious. Babies and young children may suffer from more infections and serious chest conditions like bronchitis and pneumonia. People exposed to passive smoking over long periods are also at a 10 to 30 percent increased risk of death from lung cancer.

People may choose to smoke because they believe it makes them look grown-up or sophisticated. Very often these people become addicted to tobacco and then are unable to quit smoking when they want to.

All smokers know they would be better off if they gave up. Unfortunately, kicking the habit is not easy. Nicotine is as addictive as heroin, and psychological cravings.

Most find that the first few days are the hardest, since nicotine withdrawal causes unpleasant symptoms such as lack of concentration, lightheadedness, anxiety, coughing, hunger, and strong cravings. These usually pass within a week or so.

What happens after last puff

20 mins later : Blood pressure and pulse return to normal.
one day later : Lungs start to clear out mucus and other deposits
Two days later : Body is clear of nicotine
Three days later : Breathing becomes easier
2 to 12 weeks later : Circulation improves
3 to 9 months later : Lungs become more efficient
1 year later : Excess risk of heart disease is halved
10 years later : Risk of lung cancer reduced by half
15 years later : Risk of death from lung cancer, heart disease and stroke return to non-smoking levels.

Do you know Drugs?

A drug is a substance or chemical that affects the way your body or your mind works. Some drugs are artificially made. Others come from plants, minerals, and even animals.

When someone mentions drugs, we often think of illegal substances like heroin, cocaine, or cannabis, but there are many other kinds of drugs. medicines are often made up from chemicals in a laboratory.

You can take drugs in various ways. When you drink or swallow them, they enter the bloodstream via the stomach. Some are smoked or inhaled via the lungs. Others are administered by injection. With patches, suppositories, or creams, the active ingredients are absorbed through the skin.

Drugs are strongs substances. They can have powerful effects on our bodies and our minds. Alcohol and cigarettes are widely regarded as "social" drugs meaning that groups of people can enjoy them together. People who become dependent on alcohol or cigarettes often find it hard to socialize without a drink or cigarette.

How to control of Drugs?

Medicinal drugs are controlled in different ways. some, like many painkillers, can be bought freely in drugstores and supermarkets. Most however, are available only by prescription from a doctor.

Many people drink alcohol because they like the taste, but most people take illegal drugs to make them feel different. However, most illegal drugs can make you feel very bad indeed. You never know how you will react to an illegal or abused substance.

A lot of depends on the mood you are in when you take a drug. As with alcohol, drugs also affect your reactions . You will find it more difficult to control how you feel and what you do if something happens to you.

Do you know drug varieties? their bad feelings?

Amphetamines - Anxiety, panic

Cannabis - Paranoia, panic

Ecstasy - Nausea, fatigue and depression after use.

Solvents - Hangovers, drowsiness

Heroin - Nausea, vomiting

Cocaine and

and crack cocaine - Insomnea, bad mood.

LSC/Muschrooms - Walking nightmares, paranoia

Sedatives - Nausea, vomiting.

How quickly you become addicted depends on how much and how oftern you take the drugs, as well as on your personality and circumstances. Even if most drugs don't lead to addiction, they can be habit forming. The temptation is to take them more and more frequently. Once addicted to a drug, people will do anything to get their next fix even break the law.

People used to think that all drugs were extremely dangerous and takign them inevitably led to addiction and death. Although this put a lot of people off drugs, many others discovered that this simply was not true.

Root Canal Treatment

Root canal treatment, commonly called us RCT. why we are calling it as Root canal treatment is because the tooth has two parts. the outer part or upper part that which we can see in a mouth of a individual is called as crown.

This inner part or lower part of a tooth which we cannot see is called as Root. it is inside out bone, tissues are lovering this part.

Inside this root part we are having the blood supply and nerve for the tooth. This part is called as root canal. It also extends to the crown part as palp chamber and pulp worms. The hole tissue part is called as dental palp.

In a caris affected tooth when the bacteria enters pulp tissue, it will cause periupical inflammation and it will leads to severe pain. In this cases we are doing root canal treatment.

In a root canal treatment first thing what we are doing is, we will get a food access through the crown to remove the pulp in the root canals for this we will remove some part of tooth material in specified manner using a instrument.

After that we will remove the pulp tissue by using special instruments called as broaches. Next to this we will enlarge this size of the canals with the help of specific instruments like treatment and filer with copious irrigation we are obtian the specific size.

After this procedure we will fill the root canals with a insert material called as Gutta percha and we will seal the apical part of root thus we are preventing the infections. After this procudures we can fill the tooth with permanent filling in a permanent crown.

Root canal treatment can be done is a single sitting procedure or a multi sitting procedure. This will take two or three sittings.